The Gordon Research Conference on Nucleic Acids was first established more than 50 years ago. Since that time the field of nucleic acids has exploded with tremendous discoveries regarding the chemistry, functional potential and biologic significance of nucleic acids. Through all of these advances the Nucleic Acids GRC has provided a critical forum for discussion of new ideas and interaction between investigators specializing in all the diverse areas of nucleic acids research. In particular, the past decade has brought renewed recognition and excitement regarding the breadth of nucleic acid functions in cells (i.e. all classes of ncRNAs) and the extent to which various steps in nucleic acids biosynthesis and processing are mechanistically intertwined. The involvement of RNAi in chromatin silencing and remodeling is a prime example for the usefulness of bringing seemingly diverse areas of nucleic acid researchers together. The 2009 meeting of the Nucleic Acids GRC will highlight recent advances in these areas of DNA and RNA biology, biochemistry and biophysics with a view toward identifying emerging concepts and technologies in these fields. Specific topics of discussion will include: DNA recombination and repair, DNA replication, Transcription and chromatin dynamics, pre-mRNA processing, small non-coding RNAs, Ribosome assembly and function, Regulation of translation and Catalytic RNA. Young scientists, or those newly engaged in nucleic acids research, will be particularly encouraged to attend and present; with time built into the schedule for short talks selected from submitted abstracts.